Structure and Representation

Congress consists of 535 voting members: 100 Senators and 435 Representatives.

• Senate: Each of the 50 states is equally represented by two Senators, regardless of population. Senators serve six-year terms, with staggered elections every two years to maintain continuity.

• House of Representatives: Representation in the House is based on population, with larger states receiving more seats. Members of the House serve two-year terms and are elected directly by the people in their respective congressional districts.

This system ensures both equal state representation in the Senate and population-based representation in the House, forming the foundation of legislative balance in the United States.

Powers and Responsibilities of Congress

Under Article I of the U.S. Constitution, Congress is granted the primary legislative powers of the federal government. Its key responsibilities include:

Core Authorities

• Legislation: Members of both the House and Senate propose, amend, and vote on bills to create federal laws.

• Oversight of the Executive Branch: Congress monitors the actions of the executive branch to ensure accountability and proper implementation of laws and budgets.

• Budget and Taxation: Only Congress holds the authority to allocate federal funds, approve government spending, and impose taxes.

• Declaration of War: Congress alone has the constitutional power to formally declare war.

• Impeachment and Trial: The House of Representatives can impeach federal officials, and the Senate holds the trial to determine guilt and potential removal from office.

• Confirmation of Appointments: The Senate confirms presidential appointments, including Cabinet members, federal judges, and ambassadors.

The Legislative Process

A bill may originate in either chamber of Congress. Once introduced, it is assigned to a relevant committee for review, revision, and recommendation. The bill then proceeds to floor debate and voting.

If both chambers pass the bill, it goes to the President for approval. The President may veto the bill, but Congress can override the veto with a two-thirds majority vote in both the House and Senate, ensuring checks and consensus.

Congressional Politics

Much of Congress’s work is conducted within specialized committees—such as those focused on finance, defense, healthcare, and education. Members may also form political caucuses or coalitions to promote shared legislative goals and negotiate bipartisan solutions.

Public Access and Engagement

Congressional sessions are broadcast live on television and online platforms, allowing the American public to observe legislative debates and proceedings. Citizens are encouraged to stay informed and engage with their representatives to help shape national policy.